PFAS can enter the human body through the lungs, gastrointestinal tract and skin. The potential health risks associated with PFAS compounds are diverse and range from hormonal disturbances and impaired immune function to an increased risk of cancer.
However, due to the large number of different PFAS substances, significant gaps in knowledge remain regarding their effects on the human body.
Source: SRF/Puls/Daniel Hilfiker
Potential Effects of PFAS and BPA on the Human Body
PFAS concentrations in blood have been associated with adverse lipid profiles and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Stronger adverse effects at comparable PFAS concentrations have been observed particularly among younger individuals.
PFAS may reduce the activity of human immune cells, potentially increasing susceptibility to infections and reducing the immune response to vaccination. Associations between PFAS exposure and lower antibody titres, for example against rubella, have also been reported.
PFAS can affect brain development and function, particularly in zebrafish models, which are used as indicators of potential effects in humans. Changes in gene expression in the brain have been observed, indicating possible neurotoxic effects.
PFAS may interfere with the endocrine system, increase cancer risk and impair immune function. High blood concentrations of PFOS and PFOA have been detected particularly in children and adolescents.
Following exposure, PFAS are distributed primarily to the liver and kidneys, where they may cause adverse effects. Long-chain PFAS such as PFOS and PFOA have biological half-lives of several years in humans.
Some PFAS, including HFPO-DA (“GenX”) and POSF, are classified by industry itself as reproductive toxicants. Studies indicate potential adverse effects on fertility and fetal development.